Prevention of corruption

Introduction

According to the revised Klitgard equation, the extent of monopoly and regulatory discretion of individuals and through independent monitoring by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for a high degree of transparency and media access to reliable information can mitigate the problem.  Djankov and other researchers have independently addressed the role information plays in fighting corruption, with evidence from both developing and developed countries.  The Revelation of financial information of government officials to the public is associated with improving institutional accountability and eliminating misconduct such as vote buying.  This effect is particularly notable when disclosure concerns politicians’ income sources, liabilities and asset levels rather than just income levels.  Any external aspects that degrade morality must be eliminated.  Additionally, a country should establish a culture of moral conduct in society along with the establishment of good conduct with the government to enhance internal morality.

  In 1969, Christian anarchist Dorothy Day argued that God would solve economic abuses such as corruption.  She wrote
  “luckily, the Pope states were expelled from the Church in the last century, but there is still the problem of the income entry of the Pope Fund. It is always a pleasure for me if we have a good will and still cannot get treatment.  The economic abuses of our time, in our family, as our parish and the mighty church, God will take matters into account and work for us. “

Increasing the participation of civil society

  Creating bottom-up mechanisms, promoting citizen participation and encouraging values   of integrity, accountability and transparency are important components of fighting corruption.  By 2012, the implementation of “Advocacy and Legal Advice Centers (ALACs)” in Europe led to a significant increase in the number of civil complaints against acts of corruption and also for the development of strategies for documentation and good governance.  Engaging citizens prepared to fight against corruption.

Anti-corruption program

  The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA, USA 1977) was an early paradigm law for the industrialized countries of many Western countries i.e. the OECD.  There, for the first time, the old principal-agent’s view was retracted where primarily the victim (a society, private or public) and a passive corrupt member (a person) were considered, while the active corrupt part was in focus.  There was no legal prosecution.  Rare, the law of an industrialized country directly condemned active corruption, Especially in international trade transactions that contradicted the anti-bribery activities of the World Bank and its spin-off organization Transparency International at the time.


  In early 1989 the OECD had “founded an ad hoc workgroup to search” … fundamental concepts for the crime of corruption, and the exercise of national jurisdiction over crimes committed wholly or partially abroad.  “Based on the concept of FCDA, the Working Group introduced the then” OECD Anti-Brabery Recommendation “in 1994 as a precursor to the OECD Convention for the Bribe of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, all in 1997.  Was signed by member states and came to an end. Entered into force in 1999. However, of the hidden corruption in international transactions  The reason is that many tools of country surveillance have since been developed by the OECD to promote and evaluate national activities related to dealing with foreign corrupt practices. A survey shows that in 2010 the conference  Under the implementation of the enhanced review of multinational companies, the countries that signed the conference were required to take bribes.  Chances were low.


  In 2013, a document produced by the economic and private sector professional evidence and applied knowledge service help-desk discusses current anti-corruption practices.  They found:


  The principles of the fight against corruption are moving from a principal agent point of view to the problem of collective action.  Principal – agent theories are not suitable for targeting systemic corruption.


  The role of multilateral institutions has been instrumental in the fight against corruption.  The UNCAC provides a general guideline for countries around the world.  Both Transparency International and the World Bank provide assistance to national governments in the period of diagnosis and design of anti-corruption policies.


  The use of anti-corruption agencies has spread in recent years following the signature of the UNCAC.  He found that there is no concrete evidence on the extent of his contribution or the best way to structure him.


  prescriptively anti-corruption policies have been based on success experiences and common sense.  In recent years there has been an attempt to provide a more  orderly assessment of the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies.  He found that this literature is still in its infancy.


  Anti-corruption policies that may be recommended for developing countries in general may not be appropriate for post-conflict countries.  Anti-corruption policies should be followed carefully in fragile states.


  Anti-corruption policies can improve the business environment.  There is evidence that less corruption makes it easier to do business and improves the firm’s productivity.  In the last decade, Rwanda has made tremendous progress in improving the governance environment and providing a model for post-conflict countries.